RESUMO
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed primarily in children, although it is also present in adults. Patients present inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity symptoms that create difficulties in their daily lives. Pharmacological treatment with stimulants or non-stimulants is used most commonly to reduce ADHD symptoms. Although generally effective and safe, pharmacological treatments have different effects among patients, including lack of response and adverse reactions. The reasons for these differences are not fully understood, but they may derive from the highly diverse etiology of ADHD. Strategies to guide optimal pharmacological treatment selection based on individual patients' physiological markers are being developed. In this review, we describe the main pharmacological ADHD treatments used and their main drawbacks. We present alternatives under study that would allow the customization of pharmacological treatments to overcome these drawbacks and achieve more reliable improvement of ADHD symptoms.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central , Adulto , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/induzido quimicamente , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/tratamento farmacológico , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/uso terapêutico , Criança , HumanosRESUMO
A survey was carried out to identify the mosquitoes inhabiting human premises in the rural locality of Maxcanú, Yucatán, Mexico. Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention backpack aspirators, simple random sampling was carried out inside of 101 homes during the November 2013 rainy season. A total of 1,492 specimens were collected. Three subfamilies (Anophelinae, Culicinae, and Toxorhynchitinae) and 5 species were identified: Anopheles albimanus, Aedes aegypti, Culex interrogator, Limatus durhamii, and Toxorhynchites theobaldi. The most abundant species was Cx. interrogator (74%) followed by Ae. aegypti (25%). The Chao 1 and Bootstrap species richness estimator indicated that it was possible to collect 90% of the expected species. This is the 1st time that the presence of An. albimanus, Cx. interrogator, Li. durhamii, and Tx. theobaldi has been recorded in Maxcanú.
Assuntos
Distribuição Animal , Culicidae , Aedes , Animais , Anopheles , Culex , México , Mosquitos VetoresRESUMO
The present article provides a literature review about the biological potential of Melipona beecheii. The objective is to project some tendecies in research about nutraceutical aspects related to the bioactive compounds presents in the honey of this stingless bee species, known for its medicinal properties traditional, in the Yucatan Peninsula. Currently, there is strong evidence that M. beecheii honey has bioactive compounds such as proteins, flavonoids and polyphenols with high antioxidant activity. The scientific evidence allows to propose to the honey of stingless bee species as a potential alternative for the obtention of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity in the Yucatan Peninsula and natural food being proposed to reduce some diseases associated with stress oxidative physiological human cells. However, there is still information that explains such antioxidant activity, therefore, according to the literature reviewed, sees the need to address nutraceuticals and functional aspects correlated with the bioactive compounds present in this honey bee.
El presente artículo provee una revisión de literatura sobre el potencial biológico de la miel de Melipona beecheii. El objetivo es proyectar algunas tendencias en investigación sobre los aspectos nutracéuticos relacionados con los compuestos bioactivos presentes en la miel de esta especie de abeja sin aguijón, reconocida por sus características medicinales tradicionales, en la Península de Yucatán. Actualmente existe una evidencia sólida que demuestra que la miel de M. beecheii posee compuestos bioactivos tales como proteínas, flavonoides y polifenoles, con alta actividad antioxidante. La evidencia científica obtenida permite proponer a la miel de esta especie de abeja sin aguijón como alternativa para la obtención de compuestos bioactivos con actividad antioxidante en la Península de Yucatán, y ser propuesto como alimento natural para reducir algunos tipos de cáncer asociados al estrés oxidativo de las células fisiológicas del ser humano. Sin embargo, aún falta información que explique dicha actividad antioxidante; por lo tanto, de acuerdo con la literatura revisada, se ve la necesidad de abordar aspectos nutracéuticos y funcionales en correlación con los compuestos bioactivos presentes en esta miel de abeja.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Abelhas/fisiologia , Alimento Funcional , Nível de Saúde , Mel/análise , Animais , HumanosRESUMO
El presente artículo provee una revisión de literatura sobre el potencial biológico de la miel de Melipona beecheii. El objetivo es proyectar algunas tendencias en investigación sobre los aspectos nutracéuticos relacionados con los compuestos bioactivos presentes en la miel de esta especie de abeja sin aguijón, reconocida por sus características medicinales tradicionales, en la Península de Yucatán. Actualmente existe una evidencia sólida que demuestra que la miel de M. beecheii posee compuestos bioactivos tales como proteínas, flavonoides y polifenoles, con alta actividad antioxidante. La evidencia científica obtenida permite proponer a la miel de esta especie de abeja sin aguijón como alternativa para la obtención de compuestos bioactivos con actividad antioxidante en la Península de Yucatán, y ser propuesto como alimento natural para reducir algunos tipos de cáncer asociados al estrés oxidativo de las células fisiológicas del ser humano. Sin embargo, aún falta información que explique dicha actividad antioxidante; por lo tanto, de acuerdo con la literatura revisada, se ve la necesidad de abordar aspectos nutracéuticos y funcionales en correlación con los compuestos bioactivos presentes en esta miel de abeja (AU)
The present article provides a literature review about the biological potential of Melipona beecheii. The objective is to project some tendecies in research about nutraceutical aspects related to the bioactive compounds presents in the honey of this stingless bee species, known for its medicinal properties traditional, in the Yucatan Peninsula. Currently, there is strong evidence that M. beecheii honey has bioactive compounds such as proteins, flavonoids and polyphenols with high antioxidant activity. The scientific evidence allows to propose to the honey of stingless bee species as a potential alternative for the obtention of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity in the Yucatan Peninsula and natural food being proposed to reduce some diseases associated with stress oxidative physiological human cells. However, there is still information that explains such antioxidant activity, therefore, according to the literature reviewed, sees the need to address nutraceuticals and functional aspects correlated with the bioactive compounds present in this honey bee (AU)
